Learn to Read and Write Malayalam Pdf
| Malayalam script | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script blazon | Abugida |
| Fourth dimension period | C. 830 – present[1] [2] |
| Management | left-to-right  |
| Languages | Malayalam Sanskrit Tulu Jeseri Konkani Paniya Betta Kurumba Ravula |
| Related scripts | |
| Parent systems | Proto-Sinaitic script
|
| Sister systems | Tigalari script Dhives Akuru Saurashtra script |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Mlym, 347 , Malayalam |
| Unicode | |
| Unicode alias | Malayalam |
| Unicode range | U+0D00–U+0D7F |
Malayalam script ( Malayāḷalipi ; IPA: [mɐlɐjäːɭɐ libi] [3] [four] / Malayalam: മലയാളലിപി) is a Brahmic script used commonly to write Malayalam, which is the principal language of Kerala, Bharat, spoken past 45 million people in the world. It is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the spousal relationship territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé commune) past the Malayali people. Information technology is one of 22 scheduled languages of India [v] [six] Malayalam script is besides widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala.
Malayalam script bears high similarity with Tigalari script, which was used for writing the Tulu language, spoken in coastal Karnataka (Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts) and the northernmost Kasargod district of Kerala.[seven] Like many other Indic scripts, it is an alphasyllabary (abugida), a writing arrangement that is partially "alphabetic" and partially syllable-based. The mod Malayalam alphabet has 15 vowel letters, 42 consonant letters, and a few other symbols. The Malayalam script is a Vatteluttu alphabet extended with symbols from the Grantha alphabet to represent Indo-Aryan loanwords.[eight] The script is also used to write several minority languages such as Paniya, Betta Kurumba, and Ravula.[ix] The Malayalam language itself was historically written in several dissimilar scripts.
History [edit]
Malayalam was first written in the Tamil-Brahmi script, an ancient script of Tamil and Malayalam languages. However, the modern Malayalam script evolved from the Grantha alphabet, and Vattezhuthu, both of which evolved from the Tamil-Brahmi, but independently.
A medieval Tigalari manuscript (Bears high similarity with mod Malayalam script)
Vattezhuthu (Malayalam: വട്ടെഴുത്ത് , Vaṭṭezhuthŭ ? , "round writing") is a script that had evolved from Tamil-Brahmi and was once used extensively in the southern office of present-day Tamil Nadu and in Kerala. The Vazhappally inscription issued past Rajashekhara Varman is the earliest example, dating from about 830 CE.[1] [2] During the medieval period, the Tigalari script that was used for writing Tulu in Due south Canara, and Sanskrit in the adjacent Malabar region, was very similar to the modern Malayalam script.[7] In the Tamil country, the modernistic Tamil script had supplanted Vattezhuthu by the 15th century, just in the Malabar region, Vattezhuthu remained in general employ up to the 17th century,[12] or the 18th century.[13] A variant form of this script, Kolezhuthu, was used until well-nigh the 19th century mainly in the Malabar-Cochin area.[14] Another variant form, Malayanma, was used in the southward of Thiruvananthapuram.[fourteen]
According to Arthur Coke Burnell, one form of the Grantha alphabet, originally used in the Chola dynasty, was imported into the southwest declension of India in the eighth or ninth century, which was then modified in form of fourth dimension in this secluded surface area, where communication with the east declension was very express.[fifteen] It afterwards evolved into Tigalari-Malayalam script was used by the Malayali, Havyaka Brahmins and Tulu Brahmin people, simply was originally but applied to write Sanskrit. This script split into two scripts: Tigalari and Malayalam. While Malayalam script was extended and modified to write colloquial language Malayalam, the Tigalari was written for Sanskrit just.[15] [16] In Malabar, this writing arrangement was termed Arya-eluttu ( ആര്യ എഴുത്ത് , Ārya eḻuttŭ),[17] meaning "Arya writing" (Sanskrit is Indo-Aryan language while Malayalam is a Dravidian language).
Vatteluttu was in full general use, simply was not suitable for literature where many Sanskrit words were used. Like Tamil-Brahmi, it was originally used to write Tamil, and every bit such, did not have messages for voiced or aspirated consonants used in Sanskrit but not used in Tamil. For this reason, Vatteluttu and the Grantha alphabet were sometimes mixed, every bit in the Manipravalam. I of the oldest examples of the Manipravalam literature, Vaishikatantram ( വൈശികതന്ത്രം , Vaiśikatantram), dates back to the 12th century,[18] [xix] where the earliest form of the Malayalam script was used, which seems to accept been systematized to some extent by the beginning half of the 13th century.[1] [13]
It is Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan who is too credited with the evolution of Malayalam script into the electric current form through the intermixing and modification of the old scripts of Vatteluttu, Kolezhuthu, and Grantha script, which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Former and Middle Malayalam.[20] He farther eliminated excess and unnecessary messages from the modified script.[20] Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as The Father of modern Malayalam.[20] The evolution of modernistic Malayalam script was as well heavily influenced by the Tigalari script, which was used to write the Tulu language, due to the influence of Tuluva Brahmins in Kerala.[20]
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, a poet from around the 16th century,[21] used Arya-eluttu to write his Malayalam poems based on Classical Sanskrit literature.[15] For a few letters missing in Arya-eluttu (ḷa, ḻa, ṟa), he used Vatteluttu. His works became unprecedentedly popular to the indicate that the Malayali people eventually started to call him the father of the Malayalam language, which also popularized Arya-eluttu as a script to write Malayalam. However, Grantha did not have distinctions between east and ē, and between o and ō, as information technology was as an alphabet to write a Sanskrit language. The Malayalam script every bit it is today was modified in the middle of the 19th century when Hermann Gundert invented the new vowel signs to distinguish them.[xv]
By the 19th century, quondam scripts similar Kolezhuthu had been supplanted by Arya-eluttu – that is the current Malayalam script. Present, information technology is widely used in the printing of the Malayali population in Kerala.[22]
Orthography reform [edit]
Malayalam script in mobile phone
In 1971, the Government of Kerala reformed the orthography of Malayalam by a regime society to the instruction section.[23] [24] The objective was to simplify the script for impress and typewriting technology of that time, by reducing the number of glyphs required. In 1967, the government appointed a commission headed past Sooranad Kunjan Pillai, who was the editor of the Malayalam Lexicon project. It reduced number of glyphs required for Malayalam press from effectually k to effectually 250. Above committee'south recommendations were further modified past another committee in 1969.
This proposal was later accepted by major newspapers in January 1971. The reformed script came into event on fifteen April 1971 (the Kerala New year's day), past a government order released on 23 March 1971.
Recommendations by the committees [edit]
Use non-ligating vowel signs for u, ū, and r̥ [edit]
In the traditional orthography, that had been taught in the chief instruction till that time, any consonant or consonant ligature followed by the vowel sign of u, ū, or r̥ are represented by a cursive consonant-vowel ligature. The glyph of each consonant had its own way of ligating with these vowel signs. This irregularity was simplified in the reformed script.[25] As per that, a vowel sign or the consonant sign would always have a disconnected symbol that does not fuse with the base consonant.
Examples:
- ku: → കു
- kū: → കൂ
- kr̥: → കൃ
- nu: → നു
- śu: → ശു
Reph is replaced with Chillu ṟa [edit]
In traditional orthography, the reph is represented by a dot over the subsequent letter. Instead of that, explicit stand up-lone Chillu ṟa would be used.
- rkka: ൎക്ക → ർക്ക
- r ര് + ga ഗ = ൎഗ (Reformed: ർഗ)
- r ര് + ja ജ = ൎജ (Reformed: ർജ)
Split uncommon conjuncts with Chandrakkala [edit]
Too, most of traditional consonant-consonant ligatures, especially the less common ones only used to write words of Sanskrit origin, were split into non-ligated forms with explicit chandrakkala. For example:
- ഗ് g + ദ da = gda: -> ഗ്ദ
- ല് l + ത ta = lta: -> ല്ത
- ശ് ś + ന na = śna: -> ശ്ന
- ശ് ś + മ ma = śma: -> ശ്മ
- The ligature (ശ്മ) śma is required as an additional letter. For examples, ശ്മശാനം, śmaśanam, is the discussion for cemetery.
Use non-ligating sign for conjoining ra [edit]
Any consonant or consonant ligature followed past the conjoining ra is represented by a cursive tail fastened to the consonant or the consonant-ligature. In the reformed script, this consonant sign would exist disconnected from the base and represented equally a left-bracket like symbol placed on the left side of the cluster.
- kra: ക്ര → ക്ര
- kru: ക്രു → ക്രു
Current status [edit]
Today the reformed orthography, is commonly called put̪iya lipi (Malayalam: പുതിയ ലിപി) and traditional system, paḻaya lipi (Malayalam: പഴയ ലിപി).[26] Current impress media almost entirely uses reformed orthography. The state run primary education introduces the Malayalam writing to the pupils in reformed script but and the books are printed accordingly. However, the digital media uses both traditional and reformed in nigh equal proportions as the fonts for both the orthographies are usually available.
Description [edit]
Characteristics [edit]
The basic characters can exist classified as follows:
- Vowels ( സ്വരം , svaram)
- Independent vowel messages
- Dependent vowel signs
- Consonant letters ( വ്യഞ്ജനം , vyañjanam)
An independent vowel letter is used as the first letter of a word that begins with a vowel. A consonant letter, despite its name, does non represent a pure consonant, but represents a consonant + a brusk vowel /a/ by default. For example, ക is the first consonant letter of the Malayalam alphabet, which represents /ka/, not a unproblematic /k/. A vowel sign is a diacritic fastened to a consonant letter to indicate that the consonant is followed past a vowel other than /a/. If the following vowel is /a/, no vowel sign is needed. The phoneme /a/ that follows a consonant past default is called an inherent vowel. In Malayalam, its phonetic value is unrounded [ɐ],[3] or [ə] as an allophone. To denote a pure consonant sound not followed by a vowel, a special diacritic virama is used to cancel the inherent vowel. The following are examples where a consonant letter is used with or without a diacritic.
- ക് /k/ = /grand/ which is a consonant sound
- ക ka = ക് /k/ + അ vowel sign a
- കി ki = ക് /k/ + ഇ vowel sign i
- കു ku = ക് /k/ + ഉ vowel sign u
- കൈ kai = ക് /thou/ + ഐ vowel sign ai
- ക ka = ക് /k/ + അ vowel sign a
Malayalam alphabet is unicase, or does not accept a case distinction. It is written from left to right, but sure vowel signs are fastened to the left (the opposite direction) of a consonant alphabetic character that it logically follows. In the word കേരളം (Kēraḷam), the vowel sign േ (ē) visually appears in the leftmost position, though the vowel ē logically follows the consonant thou.
Malayalam letters [edit]
Words written in Malayalam script
Vowels [edit]
Vowel letters and vowel signs [edit]
The post-obit tables show the independent vowel letters and the corresponding dependent vowel signs (diacritics) of the Malayalam script, with romanizations in ISO 15919, transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
| Short | Long | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | Dependent | Indep. | Dependent | |||
| Vowel sign | Case | Vowel sign | Example | |||
| a | അ a /a/ | (none) | പ pa /pa/ | ആ ā /aː/ | ാ | പാ pā /paː/ |
| i | ഇ i /i/ | ി | പി pi /pi/ | ഈ ī /iː/ | ീ | പീ pī /piː/ |
| u | ഉ u /u/ | ു | പു pu /pu/ | ഊ ū /uː/ | ൂ | പൂ pū /puː/ |
| r̥ | ഋ r̥ /rɨ/ | ൃ | പൃ pr̥ /prɨ/ | ൠ r̥̄ /rɨː/ | ൄ | പൄ pr̥̄ /prɨː/ |
| l̥ | ഌ l̥ /lɨ/ | ൢ | പൢ pl̥ /plɨ/ | ൡ l̥̄ /lɨː/ | ൣ | പൣ pl̥̄ /plɨː/ |
| e | എ e /due east/ | െ | പെ pe /pe/ | ഏ ē /eː/ | േ | പേ pē /peː/ |
| o | ഒ o /o/ | ൊ | പൊ po /po/ | ഓ ō /oː/ | ോ | പോ pō /poː/ |
A Malayalam sign. Observe the discussion-initial a അ in akkādami, and the vowel sign ē േ in Kēraḷa.
r̥, r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄, used to write Sanskrit words, are treated as vowels. They are called semi-vowels and are phonetically closer to vowels in Malayalam and in Classical Sanskrit where Panini, the Sanskrit grammarian, groups them with vowel sounds in his sutras. (see Proto-Indo-European language and Vedic Sanskrit). The messages and signs for r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ are very rare, and are not considered every bit part of the modern orthography.[27]
The vowel signs ā, i, ī are placed to the correct of a consonant letter of the alphabet to which it is attached. The vowel signs east, ē, ai are placed to the left of a consonant letter of the alphabet. The vowel signs o and ō consist of two parts: the offset part goes to the left of a consonant letter of the alphabet and the 2d part goes to the correct of it. In the reformed orthography, the vowel signs u, ū, r̥ are merely placed to the right of the consonant letter, while they ofttimes brand consonant-vowel ligatures in the traditional orthography.
| Independent | Dependent | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vowel sign | Case | ||
| ai | ഐ ai /ai̯/ | ൈ | പൈ pai /pai̯/ |
| au | ഔ au /au̯/ | ൌ (primitive) | പൌ pau /pau̯/ |
| ൗ (modern) | പൗ pau /pau̯/ | ||
It is important to notation the vowel duration as it can be used to differentiate words that would otherwise be the same. For case, /kalam/ means "earthenware pot" while /kaːlam/ means "time" or "flavor".[28]
Anusvaram [edit]
| aṁ | അം aṁ /am/ | ം ṁ /yard/ | പം paṁ /pam/ |
|---|
An anusvaram ( അനുസ്വാരം anusvāram), or an anusvara, originally denoted the nasalization where the preceding vowel was changed into a nasalized vowel, and hence is traditionally treated as a kind of vowel sign. In Malayalam, however, it simply represents a consonant /m/ later on a vowel, though this /m/ may be assimilated to another nasal consonant. Information technology is a special consonant letter, unlike from a "normal" consonant letter of the alphabet, in that it is never followed past an inherent vowel or some other vowel. In general, an anusvara at the terminate of a word in an Indian language is transliterated every bit ṁ in ISO 15919, but a Malayalam anusvara at the finish of a discussion is transliterated as m without a dot.
Visargam [edit]
| aḥ | അഃ aḥ /ah/ | ഃ ḥ /h/ | പഃ paḥ /pah/ |
|---|
A visargam ( വിസർഗം , visargam), or visarga, represents a consonant /h/ after a vowel, and is transliterated as ḥ. Like the anusvara, it is a special symbol, and is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel.
Malayalam vowel signs combined with alphabetic character ക (ka)
Consonants [edit]
Basic consonant messages [edit]
The following tables show the basic consonant messages of the Malayalam script, with romanizations in ISO 15919, transcriptions in IPA, and Unicode Graphic symbol NAMES. The character names used in the report of the Government of Kerala committee (2001) are shown in lowercase italics when dissimilar from Unicode graphic symbol names.[27] Those alternative names are based on the traditional romanization used by the Malayali people. For example, tha in "Thiruvananthapuram" is neither ISO tha nor Unicode THA, merely tha in this sense ( ത ). The ISCII (IS 13194:1991) character names are given in parentheses when different from the above.
| Voiceless | Voiced | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unaspirated | Aspirated | Unaspirated | Aspirated | Nasal | |
| Velar | ക ka /ka/ KA | ഖ kha /kʰa/ KHA | ഗ ga /ɡa/ GA | ഘ gha /ɡʱa/ GHA | ങ ṅa /ŋa/ NGA |
| Postalveolar or Alveolo-palatal | ച ca /t͡ʃa/ /t͡ɕa/ cha | ഛ cha /t͡ʃʰa/ /t͡ɕʰa/ chha | ജ ja /d͡ʒa/ /d͡ʑa/ jha | ഝ jha /d͡ʒʱa/ /d͡ʑʱa/ jhha | ഞ ña /ɲa/ nha (nja) |
| Retroflex | ട ṭa /ʈa/ TTA ta (difficult ta) | ഠ ṭha /ʈʰa/ TTHA tta (hard tha) | ഡ ḍa /ɖa/ DDA da (hard da) | ഢ ḍha /ɖʱa/ DDHA dda (difficult dha) | ണ ṇa /ɳa/ NNA hard na |
| Dental | ത ta /t̪a/ TA tha (soft ta) | ഥ tha /t̪ʰa/ THA ttha (soft tha) | ദ da /d̪a/ DA dha (soft da) | ധ dha /d̪ʱa/ DHA ddha (soft dha) | ന na /n̪a, na/ [note 1] NA soft na |
| Labial | പ pa /pa/ PA | ഫ pha /pʰa/ PHA | ബ ba /ba/ BA | ഭ bha /bʱa/ BHA | മ ma /ma/ MA |
- The consonants /ʈ, ɖ, ɳ/ are true retroflex. Every bit in other Dravidian languages, in Malayalam they are produced by touching the underside of the tongue to the of the hard palate (apico-palatal).
- The affricates /t͡ɕ ~ t͡ʃ, t͡ɕʰ ~ t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʑ ~ d͡ʒ, d͡ʑʱ ~ d͡ʒʱ/ can either be postalveolar or alveolo-palatal depending upon the speaker and dialect; the postalveolar and alveolo-palatal realizations are in complimentary variation.[29]
| യ ya /ja/ YA | ര ra /ɾa/ RA | ല la /la/ LA | വ va /ʋa/ VA |
| ശ śa /ʃa/ SHA soft sha (sha) | ഷ ṣa /ʂa/ [notation two] SSA sha (hard sha) | സ sa /sa/ SA | ഹ ha /ha/ [31] HA |
| ള ḷa /ɭa/ LLA hard la | ഴ ḻa /ɻa/ [notation three] LLLA zha | റ [note iv] ṟa, ṯa /ra, ta/ RRA (hard ra) | ഩ ṉa /na/ [note 5] NNNA | ഺ ṯa /ta/ [note six] TTTA |
- ^ Dental nasal or alveolar nasal, depending on the word.
- ^ Voiceless apico-palatal approximant [ʂ̺̠˕].[xxx]
- ^ Voiced apico-palatal approximant [ʐ̺̠˕].[30] This consonant is usually described every bit /ɻ/, just also can be approximated past /ɹ/.[32]
- ^ (ane) Repetition of this letter ( റ + റ ) often represents a geminated voiceless alveolar plosive, /tːa/; (2) chillu-due north + this letter ( ൻ + റ ) often represents /nda/; (3) otherwise alveolar trill (apical) /ra/. Optionally, (1) may be transliterated every bit ṯṯa instead of ṟṟa, (two) as nṯa (not nḏa) instead of nṟa.
- ^ Corresponds to Tamil ṉa ன . Used rarely in scholarly texts to represent the alveolar nasal, as opposed to the dental nasal.[33] In ordinary texts both are represented by na ന .
- ^ Used rarely in scholarly texts to represent the voiceless alveolar plosive, as opposed to the voiceless dental plosive represented by ta ത . In ordinary texts this sound is represented by ṟa റ .[33]
Chillus [edit]
A chillu, or a chillaksharam ( ചില്ലക്ഷരം , cillakṣaram), is a special consonant alphabetic character that represents a pure consonant independently, without aid of a virama. Unlike a consonant represented by an ordinary consonant letter, this consonant is never followed past an inherent vowel. Anusvara and visarga fit this definition but are not ordinarily included. ISCII and Unicode five.0 care for a chillu as a glyph variant of a normal ("base of operations") consonant letter.[34] In Unicode 5.1 and later, yet, chillu letters are treated as independent characters, encoded atomically.[35]
6 independent chillu letters (0D7A..0D7F) had been encoded in Unicode v.ane.,[35] three boosted chillu messages (0D54..0D56) were encoded with the publication of Unicode nine.0.[36]
| Alphabetic character | Unicode proper noun | Base | Remarks | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ൺ | CHILLU NN | ṇa ണ | കൂൺ (kūṇ, "mushroom") | |
| ൻ | CHILLU N | ṉa ന | Chillu of alveolar nasal ṉa. | അവൻ (avaṉ, "he") |
| ർ | CHILLU RR | ṟa റ | Historically stood for ra ര , not ṟa റ . | അവർ (avar̠, "they") |
| ൽ | CHILLU 50 | la ല | കാൽ (kāl, "human foot") | |
| ൾ | CHILLU LL | ḷa ള | അവൾ (avaḷ, "she") | |
| ൿ | CHILLU K | ka ക | Not in modern utilize | വാൿചാതുരി (doesn't occur discussion finally.) |
| ൔ | CHILLU Thou | ma മ | Not in modern use | |
| ൕ | CHILLU Y | ya യ | Non in modern use | |
| ൖ | CHILLU LLL | ḻa ഴ | Not in modern use |
Chandrakkala [edit]
The virama in Malayalam is called candrakkala (chandrakkala), information technology has two functions:[37] [38] [a]
- As virama: used to suppress the inherent vowel
- As samvruthokaram: represent the "one-half-u" sound [ɯ̽]
As virama [edit]
Chandrakkala ് ( ചന്ദ്രക്കല , candrakkala) is a diacritic attached to a consonant letter of the alphabet to show that the consonant is not followed by an inherent vowel or whatsoever other vowel (for case, ക ka → ക് k). This kind of diacritic is common in Indic scripts, generically called virama in Sanskrit, or halant in Hindi.
Half-u [edit]
At the end of a discussion, the same symbol sometimes represents a very short vowel, known as "half-u", or "samvruthokaram" ( സംവൃതോകാരം , saṁvr̥tōkāram ), or kuṯṯiyal ukaram ( കുറ്റിയൽ ഉകരം ).[40] The exact pronunciation of this vowel varies from dialect to dialect, but it is approximately [ɯ̽] [41] or [ɨ], and transliterated as ŭ (for instance, ന na → ന് nŭ). Optionally, a vowel sign u is inserted, as in നു് (= ന + ു + ് ). Co-ordinate to one writer, this culling form is historically more correct, though the simplified form without a vowel sign u is mutual nowadays.[42] This means that the same spelling ന് may represent either n or nŭ depending on the context. By and large, it is nŭ at the finish of a word, and n elsewhere; നു് always represents nŭ.
The virama of Tigalari script comport similarly to Malayalam. Virama has iii functions: to suppress the inherent vowel (as the halant of Devanagari); to form conjunct consonants; to represent the half-u.[43] [44] Devanagari supports half-u for Kashmiri; for example നു് is written every bit नॖ.
- ^ Srinidhi A and Sridatta A made comments on the proposals of Cibu Johny et al.[39]
Ligatures [edit]
Consonant ligatures [edit]
Like in other Indic scripts, a virama is used in the Malayalam script to cancel—or "kill"—the inherent vowel of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel, and so-chosen a "dead" consonant. For example,
- ന is a consonant letter na,
- ് is a virama; therefore,
- ന് (na + virama) represents a dead consonant due north.
If this n ന് is further followed past another consonant letter, for example, ma മ , the result may look like ന്മ , which represents nma as na + virama + ma. In this case, two elements northward ന് and ma മ are merely placed one by 1, side by side. Alternatively, nma can exist also written as a ligature ന്മ .
Generally, when a dead consonant letter of the alphabet Cone and another consonant alphabetic character Cii are conjoined, the event may be either:
- A fully conjoined ligature of Cone+Cii;
- One-half-conjoined—
- C1-conjoining: a modified form (half form) of C1 attached to the original form (full course) of Cii
- C2-conjoining: a modified course of C2 attached to the full form of C1; or
- Non-ligated: full forms of C1 and C2 with a visible virama.[45]
If the issue is fully or half-conjoined, the (conceptual) virama which made C1 expressionless becomes invisible, merely logically existing in a character encoding scheme such as Unicode. If the result is non-ligated, a virama is visible, attached to C1. The glyphs for nma has a visible virama if not ligated ( ന്മ ), but if ligated, the virama disappears ( ന്മ ). Ordinarily the difference betwixt those forms is superficial and both are semantically identical, merely like the significant of the English language word palaeography does not modify fifty-fifty if it is spelled palæography, with the ligature æ.
Common consonant ligatures [edit]
Several consonant-consonant ligatures are used usually fifty-fifty in the new orthography.
| kka | ṅka | ṅṅa | cca | ñca | ñña | ṭṭa | ṇṭa | ṇṇa | tta | nta | nna | ppa | mpa | mma | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not-ligated | ക്ക | ങ്ക | ങ്ങ | ച്ച | ഞ്ച | ഞ്ഞ | ട്ട | ണ്ട | ണ്ണ | ത്ത | ന്ത | ന്ന | പ്പ | മ്പ | മ്മ |
| Ligated | ക്ക | ങ്ക | ങ്ങ | ച്ച | ഞ്ച | ഞ്ഞ | ട്ട | ണ്ട | ണ്ണ | ത്ത | ന്ത | ന്ന | പ്പ | മ്പ | മ്മ |
The ligature mpa മ്പ was historically derived from npa ന്പ . The ligatures cca, bba, yya, and vva are special in that a doubled consonant is denoted by a triangle sign below a consonant letter.
| cca | bba | yya | vva | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-ligated | ച്ച | ബ്ബ | യ്യ | വ്വ |
| Ligated | ച്ച | ബ്ബ | യ്യ | വ്വ |
Consonant + ya, va, la, ra [edit]
- The consonant letter ya is more often than not C2-conjoining later a consonant in both orthographies. For case,
- thousand ക് + ya യ = kya ക്യ
- p പ് + ya യ = pya പ്യ
In kya ക്യ , a variant form of ya ( ്യ ) is placed afterwards the full form of ka ക , just like ki കി is written ka ക followed by the vowel sign i ി . In other words, the variant form of ya ( ്യ ) used after a consonant letter can be considered every bit a diacritic. Since information technology is placed afterwards the base character, information technology is sometimes referred to every bit a postal service-base form. An exception is yya യ്യ (see to a higher place).
- Similarly, va (്വ) after a consonant takes a mail-base grade:
- k ക് + va വ = kva ക്വ
- p പ് + va വ = pva പ്വ
An exception is vva വ്വ (see above).
- The consonant letter la after a consonant traditionally takes a beneath-base grade. These forms are used besides in the new orthography, though some fonts do not support them.
- k ക് + la ല = kla ക്ല
- p പ് + la ല = pla പ്ല
- fifty ല് + la ല = lla ല്ല
- A consonant letter ra (്ര) after a consonant usually takes a pre-base class in the reformed orthography, while this combination makes a fully conjoined ligature in the traditional orthography.
- thousand ക് + ra ര = kra ക്ര
- p പ് + ra ര = pra പ്ര
nṯa and ṯṯa [edit]
The ligature nṯa is written as due north ന് + ṟa റ and pronounced /nda/. The ligature ṯṯa is written as ṟ റ് + ṟa റ .
| nṯa | ṯṯa | |
|---|---|---|
| Non-ligated | ന്റ | റ്റ |
| Ligated | ന്റ | റ്റ |
| Digraph | ൻറ | ററ |
In those two ligatures, a minor ṟa റ is written beneath the first letter (chillu-north if it is a dead north). Alternatively, the alphabetic character ṟa is sometimes written to the correct of the showtime letter, making a digraph (simply like ωι used instead of ῳ in Greek). The spelling ൻറ is therefore read either nṟa (ii separate messages) or nṯa (digraph) depending on the word. Similarly, ററ is read either ṟaṟa or ṯṯa.[35]
Dot reph [edit]
In the traditional orthography, a dead consonant r before a consonant sometimes takes an above-base course, known as a dot reph, which looks like a brusk vertical line or a dot. Mostly, a chillu-r is used instead of a dot reph in the reformed orthography.
- r ര് + ga ഗ = rga ൎഗ (Reformed: ർഗ)
- r ര് + ja ജ = rja ൎജ (Reformed: ർജ)
Consonant-vowel ligatures [edit]
![[icon]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help past adding to it. (Feb 2020) |
Numeral Organization [edit]
Malayalam numeral system is archaic and no longer commonly used. Instead, the common Hindu-Standard arabic numeral system is followed.
| 0 | 1 | two | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | vii | 8 | 9 | 10 | 100 | g | 1⁄4 | 1⁄2 | three⁄4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ൦ | ൧ | ൨ | ൩ | ൪ | ൫ | ൬ | ൭ | ൮ | ൯ | ൰ | ൱ | ൲ | ൳ | ൴ | ൵ |
Number "11" is written as "൰൧" and not "൧൧". "32" is written every bit "൩൰൨" similar to the Tamil numeral arrangement.
| 11 | 20 | 21 | 30 | 110 | 10,099 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ൰൧ | ൨൰ | ൨൰൧ | ൩൰ | ൱൰ | ൰൲൯൰൯ |
Suppose the number is "2013". It is read in Malayalam equally "രണ്ടായിരത്തി പതിമൂന്ന്" (raṇḍāyiratti padimūnnu). It is split into :
- രണ്ട് (raṇḍŭ) : two - ൨
- ആയിരം (āyiram) : yard - ൲
- പത്ത് (pattŭ) : 10 - ൰
- മൂന്ന് (mūnnŭ) : iii - ൩
Combine them together to become the Malayalam number "൨൲൰൩".[46]
Other symbols [edit]
| Praslesham | ഽ | Corresponds to Devanagari avagraha, used when a Sanskrit phrase containing an avagraha is written in Malayalam script. The symbol indicates the elision of the discussion-initial vowel a afterwards a give-and-take that ends in ā, ē, or ō, and is transliterated as an apostrophe ('), or sometimes every bit a colon + an apostrophe (:'). (Malayalam: പ്രശ്ലേഷം , praślēṣam ? ) |
|---|---|---|
| Malayalam date marking | ൹ | Used in an abridgement of a date. |
| Danda | । | Archaic punctuation marks used every bit full stops or for delimiting verses. |
| Double danda | ॥ |
Unicode [edit]
Malayalam script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version ane.0.
Block [edit]
The Unicode cake for Malayalam is U+0D00–U+0D7F:
| Malayalam [1] [ii] Official Unicode Consortium code nautical chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | i | two | 3 | 4 | five | six | seven | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | Eastward | F | |
| U+0D0x | ഀ | ഁ | ം | ഃ | ഄ | അ | ആ | ഇ | ഈ | ഉ | ഊ | ഋ | ഌ | എ | ഏ | |
| U+0D1x | ഐ | ഒ | ഓ | ഔ | ക | ഖ | ഗ | ഘ | ങ | ച | ഛ | ജ | ഝ | ഞ | ട | |
| U+0D2x | ഠ | ഡ | ഢ | ണ | ത | ഥ | ദ | ധ | ന | ഩ | പ | ഫ | ബ | ഭ | മ | യ |
| U+0D3x | ര | റ | ല | ള | ഴ | വ | ശ | ഷ | സ | ഹ | ഺ | ഻ | ഼ | ഽ | ാ | ി |
| U+0D4x | ീ | ു | ൂ | ൃ | ൄ | െ | േ | ൈ | ൊ | ോ | ൌ | ് | ൎ | ൏ | ||
| U+0D5x | ൔ | ൕ | ൖ | ൗ | ൘ | ൙ | ൚ | ൛ | ൜ | ൝ | ൞ | ൟ | ||||
| U+0D6x | ൠ | ൡ | ൢ | ൣ | ൦ | ൧ | ൨ | ൩ | ൪ | ൫ | ൬ | ൭ | ൮ | ൯ | ||
| U+0D7x | ൰ | ൱ | ൲ | ൳ | ൴ | ൵ | ൶ | ൷ | ൸ | ൹ | ൺ | ൻ | ർ | ൽ | ൾ | ൿ |
Notes
| ||||||||||||||||
Chillus in Unicode [edit]
For case, avan അവൻ ("he") is written every bit a അ + va വ + chillu-n ൻ , where chillu-northward represents the n audio without a vowel. In other Indic scripts, the aforementioned word would be possibly written every bit a + va + na + virama. Yet, in Malayalam script, that sequence represents a unlike word, avanŭ അവന് ("to him"), and is not interchangeable with avan.[47] This is because in modern Malayalam script, the sign for a virama too works as the sign for a vowel ŭ at the end of a give-and-take, and is non able to cleanly "kill" the inherent vowel in this case.[41]
To differentiate a pure consonant (chillu) and a consonant with ŭ, null-width joiner (ZWJ) and zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) were used before Unicode 5.one.[34] However, this system was problematic. Amid other things, glyph variants specified by ZWJ or ZWNJ are supposed to be non-semantic, whereas a chillu (expressed as alphabetic character + virama + ZWJ) and the aforementioned consonant followed by a ŭ (expressed as letter + virama + ZWNJ) are ofttimes semantically different. After a long debate,[41] [42] 9 chillu letters now take their ain code points since Unicode 9.0, though applications should also be prepared to handle data in the representation specified in Unicode 5.0.[35] This means, fonts should display chillus in both sequences; while an input method should output standard chillus.
The ligature nṯa ന്റ is very common and supported past most Malayalam fonts in one style or another, but exactly how information technology should exist encoded was non clear in Unicode 5.0 and before, and two incompatible implementations are currently in utilise.[48] In Unicode 5.1 (2008), the sequence to represent it was explicitly redefined equally chillu-north + virama + ṟa ( ൻ്റ ).[35]
See also [edit]
- Arabi Malayalam script
- Coorgi–Cox alphabet
- Tigalari script
- Malayalam Braille
- Mulabhadra
- Suriyani Malayalam
- Grantha script
- Sinhala script
- ISO 15919
References [edit]
- ^ a b c Ager, Simon (1998). "Malayalam alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot . Retrieved 2009-09-08 .
- ^ a b "Vazhapally Temple". Vazhappally Sree Mahadeva Temple. Archived from the original on 2011-01-09. Retrieved 2009-10-31 .
- ^ a b Canepari (2005), pp. 396, 140.
- ^ "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-xi. Retrieved 2020-12-22 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally championship (link) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). media.johnwiley.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 Oct 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link) - ^ Lewis, One thousand. Paul, ed. (2009). "Malayalam". Ethnologue: Languages of the Earth (16th ed.). SIL International. Retrieved 2009-10-31 .
- ^ a b Vaishnavi Murthy K Y; Vinodh Rajan. "L2/17-378 Preliminary proposal to encode Tigalari script in Unicode" (PDF). world wide web.unicode.org . Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN9781139435338.
- ^ Ethnologue (16th ed.): "Paniya", "Kurumba, Betta", and "Ravula".
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. South. (2013) [1972]. Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. ISBN9788188765072.
- ^ Cereti, C. Grand. (2009). "The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates". In Sundermann, W.; Hintze, A.; de Blois, F. (eds.). Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honor of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN9783447059374.
- ^ Burnell (1874), p. 39.
- ^ a b "The Script". Malayalam Resource Heart. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2009-11-20 .
- ^ a b "Alphabets". Government of Kerala. Archived from the original on 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2009-10-29 .
- ^ a b c d Burnell (1874), p. 35.
- ^ "Grantha alphabet". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-28 .
- ^ "EPIGRAPHY - Inscriptions in Grantha Script". Department of Archaeology, regime of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2009-xi-11 .
- ^ Nampoothiri, Northward. Thou. (1999), "Cultural Traditions in Medieval Kerala" [ permanent expressionless link ] (PDF) in Cherian, P. J., Perspectives on Kerala History: The Second Millennium, Kerala Quango for Historical Research, ISBN 81-85499-35-7, retrieved 2009-11-20.
- ^ "Development of Literature". Malayalam Resource Centre. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2009-11-xx .
- ^ a b c d Dr. Chiliad. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). A Brusk History of Malayalam Literature. Thiruvananthapuram: Section of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
- ^ Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). "The Literature of Hinduism in Malayalam". The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. New Delhi: Blackwell Publishing, Wiley India. pp. 173–74. doi:10.1002/9780470998694. ISBN9780470998694.
- ^ Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. A Grammar of the Malayalam Linguistic communication in Historical Treatment. Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1996.
- ^ "Malayalam Script—Adoption of New Script for Utilise—Orders Issued" (PDF). Authorities of Kerala. 1971. Retrieved 2009-x-25 .
- ^ Asher, R. E.; Kumari, T. C. (1997). Malayalam past R. E. Asher, T. C. Kumari. ISBN9780415022422.
- ^ Manohar, Kavya & Thottingal, Santhosh. (2018). "Malayalam Orthographic Reforms: Impact on Language and Popular Culture". Presented at the Graphematik 2018.
- ^ John, Vijay. "The Concept of ലിപി (Lipi)". Learn Malayalam Online! . Retrieved 2009-09-08 .
- ^ a b "Written report of the Commission on Malayalam Character Encoding and Keyboard Layout Standardisation". Kerala Gazette. Authorities of Kerala. 46 (2023). December 18, 2001. Archived from the original on October half dozen, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-08 . See likewise the May 2001 version Archived 2010-01-31 at the Wayback Machine (PDF).
- ^ Asher, R. E. Malayalam. Ed. T. C. Kumari 1934-. London ; New York : Routledge, 1997.
- ^ Namboodiripad, Savithry; Garellek, Marc (2017). "Malayalam (Namboodiri Dialect)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 47: 109–118. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000407. S2CID 152106506.
- ^ a b Canepari (2005), pp. 397, 185.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on xi September 2012. Retrieved thirty March 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link) - ^ Mohanan (1996), p.421.
- ^ a b Everson, Michael (2007). "Proposal to add together two characters for Malayalam to the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3494 . Retrieved 2009-09-09 .
- ^ a b "South Asian Scripts-I" (PDF). The Unicode Standard v.0 — Electronic Edition. Unicode, Inc. 1991–2007. pp. 42–44. Retrieved 2009-09-08 .
- ^ a b c d e "Malayalam Chillu Characters". Unicode five.ane.0. Unicode, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-10 .
- ^ Unicode 12.1.0 Derived Age. Published 2019-04-01, Retrieved 2019-09-15.
- ^ Cibu Johny; Shiju Alex; Sunil Five S. (2015). L2/fourteen-014R Proposal to encode Malayalam Sign Round Virama.
- ^ Cibu Johny; Shiju Alex; Sunil Five Southward. (2015). L2/fourteen-015R Proposal to encode Malayalam Sign Vertical Bar Virama.
- ^ Srinidhi, A. & Sridatta, A. (2017). L2/17-207 On the Origin of Malayalam Candrakkala.
- ^ Chitrajakumar, R; Gangadharan, Northward (2005-08-07). "Samvruthokaram and Chandrakkala" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2010-08-23 .
- ^ a b c Muller, Eric (2006). "Malayalam cillaksarams" (PDF). JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3126 L2/06-207 . Retrieved 2009-09-10 .
- ^ a b Chitrajakumar, R. & Gangadharan, Northward. (2005). "Chandrakkala. Samvruthokaram. Chillaksharam" (PDF). L2/05-210 . Retrieved 2009-09-x .
- ^ Murthy, Vaishnavi & Rajan, Vinodh. (2017). L2/17-378 Preliminary proposal to encode Tigalari script in Unicode (pp. 12-15).
- ^ Srinidhi, A. & Sridatta, A. (2017). L2/17-182 Comments on encoding the Tigalari script (pp. nine-eleven).
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004). "Clarification of the Use of Aught Width Joiner in Indic Scripts" (PDF). Public Review Result #37. Unicode, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-10 .
- ^ Alex, Shiju (2013-08-22). "മലയാള അക്കങ്ങൾ". ഗ്രന്ഥപ്പുര . Retrieved 2020-04-12 .
- ^ Johny, Cibu C. (2005). "Unicode Public Review Issue #66: Encoding of Chillu Forms in Malayalam". Retrieved 2009-09-16 . Come across also L2/05-085 (PDF).
- ^ "Encoding of Chillu Forms in Malayalam". Public Review Consequence #66]. Unicode, Inc. 2005. Retrieved 2009-09-24 .
Sources [edit]
- Mohanan, Grand. P. (1996). "Malayalam Writing". In Daniels, Peter T. & Bright, William (eds.). The World'southward Writing Systems. New York: Oxford Academy Press.
- Burnell, Arthur Coke (1874). Elements of South-Indian Palæography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D. Trübner & Co.
- Canepari, Luciano (2005). "xix.29 Malayalam". A Handbook of Phonetics. LINCOM. ISBN3-89586-480-3.
Farther reading [edit]
- Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). A Short History of Malayalam Literature. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
- Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN9788126415786.
- Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. Five. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode. 2018.
External links [edit]
- Website to help you read and write the Malayalam alphabet
- Malayalam Unicode Fonts
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_script
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